DESCAR Software: environment water pollution

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Pollutants I

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Water pollution

Natural waters contain micro-organism as well as solutes. There is a distinction between ‘pure’ water, meaning water that is fit to drink and pure water that is a single substance. A water pollutant is a substance that prevents the use of water for a specified purpose. The signs of polluted water are obvious. Poor drinking water tastes and smell bad. Many types of substances which are classified as pollutants are listed.

1. Pathogens, bacteria and viruses

2. Dissolved organic compounds and inorganic compounds

3. Wastes that have a biochemical oxygen demand

4. Nutrients that cause excessive growth of plants

5. Thermal pollution

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

The Oxygen is used for respiration of animals. Fish require the highest concentration of oxygen. If the dissolved oxygen falls below 5ppm (part per million), fish are the first to suffer and tend to die out. Then, the population of bacteria rises to abnormal levels. The imbalances between species is a sign of water pollution. Substances which use up dissolved Oxygen and add to the biochemical oxygen demand are pollutants. Such substances come from the human wastes. The amount of dissolved oxygen used up during oxidation by bacteria of the organic matter in a sample of water is called Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). Water is rated as pure if BOD is 1ppm or less, fairly pure with a BOD of 3ppm and suspect when the BOD reaches 5ppm.

Water	upper limit of BOD5 (European Union) (mg/L)
Pure waters	< 1
Polluted rivers (upper limit in European Union)	> 5
Polluted rivers with salmon (upper limit in European Union)	3
Polluted rivers with other fish (upper limit in European Union)	6
Waste waters	150-1000⁺
Industrial waste waters	thousands

+BOD, not BOD5

BOD is calculated in 20 days. BOD5 is calculated in 5 days, BOD=5BOD5.

Eutrophication

In order to grow, plant require about 20 different elements (carbon, hydrogen,…). In normal conditions, water always provide enough elements for plant growth. The rate of growth is limited by the supplies of nitrogen and phosphorous. Lake water may be enriched with nutrients (a process called eutrophication) which encourages plant growth and leads slowly to ageing. Ageing is accelerated when plant nutrients are fed into a lake by human activities (fertilisers, wastewater containing detergent,…). When a lake contains concentrations of nitrates and phosphates higher than the normal, algae flourish and produce a bloom, a green scum which is accompanied by an unpleasant odour in the water. The lowering of oxygen concentration leads to the death of fish. The sources of nitrates and phosphates are sewage and fertilisers. Intensively cultivated land receives generous applications of fertilisers containing nitrates and phosphates.

Nitrates: The World Health Organization recommends that the level of nitrogen in the form of nitrates should not exceed 50ppm. The averaged level in the UK is about 11ppm.

water	Upper limit (different compounds with nitrogen)
Rivers with water of good quality	1mg/L
Rivers with salmon	1mg NH₃-N/L
Drinking water	0.1mg NO₂-N/l
Rivers with salmon	0.01mg NO₂-N/l
Drinking water	40mg NO₃^—N/l
Rivers with salmon	1mg NO₃-N/l

Phosphates: Phosphates enter water from fertilisers and from detergents. Phosphates are added as builders to improve the cleaning power of synthetic detergents. To inhibit the growth of algae, a phosphate level below 0.5mg/L is the aim. The lakes can become eutrophic if the concentration of phosphates overcomes the 30ug/L (1ug/L=10^-6g/dm³). The upper limit in European Union for polluted rivers with salmon is 65ug/L.

Pollution map produced by continuous discharge in this region. The Buoyant Jet model has been used. The blue horizontal line indicates us the position of the water surface plane. The fucshia square represents a point source (position of the outfall pipe). The red colour represents high pollutant concentrations.

POLLUTANTS: Pollutants I - Pollutants II - The sea I - The sea II - Pycnocline

Canarina Algoritmos Numéricos, S.L.

Environmental software solutions

Software para impacto medio ambiental

Canary Islands, Spain

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European network on pollution · European Union

Member of MAPO: European network on Marine Pollution. Project

funded by the European Commission through the

6th Framework Programme for Research and Development

water waste

CANARINA: Home - Air pollution · DISPER - Noise pollution · CUSTIC - Water pollution · DESCAR - Contact us

DESCAR: DESCAR: water pollution - Data I - Algorithms I - Pollutants I

SOLUTIONS: DESCAR: water pollution - Advantages - Price

INPUT DATA: Data I - Data II - Data III - Import - Commands - Graphs I - Graphs II

ALGORITHMS: Algorithms I - Algorithms II - Algorithms III - Algorithms IV - Algorithms V - Algorithms VI

POLLUTANTS: Pollutants I - Pollutants II - The sea I - The sea II - Pycnocline

DESCAR software solutions: This application has been used in great number of environmental reports, courses and water pollution studies in the last years. We currently have users in more than 10 countries.

Derbyshire - effluent discharge -

Dorset - industrial discharge - sewage sludge -

Northamptonshire - septic systems -

Durham - sewer map - sewer inspection - wastewater sewage -

Nottinghamshire - discharge water quality -

Cheshire - sewage discharge - sewage treatment discharge - marine sewage discharge -

Leicestershire - treatment of sewage -

West Sussex - discharge water - effluent sewage - sewage filter -

Warwickshire - sewage cleaning - sewage outfall -

Worcestershire - sewage water treatment -

East Sussex - sewage discharge -

Surrey - sewage supplies -

Hertfordshire - membrane discharge - septic discharge -

Buckinghamshire - sewer system - dade water and sewer - sewer systems -

Bedfordshire - septic contractors -

Aberdeen - rivers discharge - groundwater discharge - sewage pond -

Armagh - sewage water treatment plant - sewage aeration - sewage problems -

Bangor - sewage river - sewage plant - sewage tank -

Bath - sewage disinfection - soil discharge - sewage environment -

Belfast - sewer line - septic tank - septic tanks -

Birmingham - septic filters - wastewater treatment - wastewater -

Bradford - effluent - septic tank maintenance - waste disposal -

Brighton & Hove - septic system - waste removal - septic cleaners -

Bristol - sewage basement - sewage system - industry discharge -

Essex - surface modeling -

Shropshire - oil modeling -

Plymouth - environment modeling - effluent management and equipment modeling - effluent processing -

Portsmouth - effluent water quality - effluent oil - effluent and environment -

Preston - effluent standards - engineering modeling - filter modeling -

Ripon - sewage treatment plant effluent - effluent flow - effluent discharge -

Salford - domestic effluent - operation modeling - discharge modeling - environment water pollution

Salisbury - modeling methods - wastewater treatment plant effluent - gas modeling -

Sheffield - contamination modeling - modeling management - municipal effluent -

St Albans - epa effluent - technology modeling - treatment of effluent -

Lancashire - production modeling -

Oxfordshire - wastewater treatment - environment water pollution

Derbyshire - reverse osmosis and desalination - sewage water treatment -

Northamptonshire - water purification -

Durham - effluent treatment environment water pollution

Nottinghamshire - mbr wastewater - standard methods for examination of water and wastewater -

Cheshire - effluent tank - effluent river - effluent sludge -

Leicestershire - waste water systems - waste water disposal -

West Sussex - wastewater training - wastewater technology - waste water system -

Warwickshire - wastewater treatments - waste water association - wastewater operator certification -

Worcestershire - municipal wastewater - wastewater process -

East Sussex - waste water treatment systems - onsite wastewater treatment -

Surrey - standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater - wastewater engineering - wastewater systems -

Hertfordshire - wastewater treatment design -

Buckinghamshire - wastewater reclamation - treatment of wastewater -

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